Equitable Estoppel

“A valid claim for equitable estoppel requires:

(a) a representation or concealment of material facts;
(b) made with knowledge, actual or virtual, of the facts;
(c) to a party ignorant, actually and permissibly, of the truth;
(d) with the intention, actual or virtual, that the ignorant party act on it; and
(e) that party was induced to act on it.

. . . There can be no estoppel if one of these elements is missing.”

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